Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment - 1373 Words

From plastic sacks to pesticides - the greater part of the waste we deliver ashore inevitably achieves the seas, either through purposeful dumping or from keep running off through channels and waterways. This includes:Oil spills cause colossal harm to the marine environment - yet actually are in charge of just around 12% of the oil entering the oceans every year. By study by the US National Research Council, 36% descends channels and waterways as waste and spillover from urban communities and industry. Manure overflow from homesteads and gardens is a tremendous issue for waterfront ranges. The additional supplements reason eutrophication - thriving of algal blossoms that drain the water s broken up oxygen and suffocate other marine life.†¦show more content†¦Sewage transfer In numerous parts of the world, sewage streams untreated, or under-treated, into the sea. For instance, 80% of urban sewage released into the Mediterranean Sea is untreated.This sewage can likewise prompt eutrophication. Moreover, it can bring about human illness and lead to shoreline terminations. Dangerous chemicals-Almost every marine living being, from the most minor tiny fish to whales and polar bears, is polluted with man-made chemicals, for example, pesticides and chemicals utilized as a part of normal customer products.Some of these chemicals enter the ocean through intentional dumping. For a considerable length of time, the seas have been an advantageous dumping ground for waste created ashore. This proceeded until the 1970s, with dumping adrift the acknowledged practice for transfer of about everything, including dangerous material, for example, pesticides, substance weapons, and radioactive waste. Dumping of the most poisonous materials was banned by the London Dumping Convention in 1972, and a changed bargain in 1996 (the London Convention) further confined what could be dumped adrift. Be that as it may, there are still the issues of as of now dumped lethal material, and even the transfer of allowed substances adrift can be a generous ecological hazard.Chemicals additionally enter the ocean from area based exercises. Chemicals can escape into

Euthanasi The Killing Of A Patient - 1698 Words

Euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide,has continued to be an ongoing debate within today’s news. Euthanasia is known as the killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. Some interpret euthanasia as the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. Many disagree with this interpretation, because it needs to include a reference to intractable suffering. There are many different classifications of euthanasia that one must understand before taking a deeper dive into the topic. There is voluntary and involuntary euthanasia.The difference between the two is that one is when the person decides to go through with it, and the other is when someone else decides to have that person†¦show more content†¦They also found that doctors working in palliative care were more likely to be against assisted dying. .Debates about the ethics of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide date from ancient Greece and Rome. In the 4th Ce ntury BC, the Hippocratic Oath was written by Hippocrates, the father of medicine. Euthanasia comes from the Greek words, Eu (good) and Thanatosis (death) and it means Good Death, Gentle and Easy Death. This word has come to be used for mercy killing. In this sense euthanasia means the active death of the patient, or, inactive in the case of dehydration and starvation.The first recorded use of the word euthanasia was by Suetonius, a Roman historian, in his De Vita Caesarum--Divus Augustus (The Lives of the Caesars--The Deified Augustus) to describe the death of Augustus Caesar. In the United States specifically, a turning point in the euthanasia debate occurred after the Karen Ann Quinlan (1954-1985) case.When Quinlan was 21 she lost consciousness after returning home from a party. She had consumed diazepam, dextropropoxyphene, and alcohol. She collapsed and stopped breathing. Several months later, while being kept alive on a ventilator, her parents asked the hospital to discontinue active care, so that she could be allowed to die. The hospital refused, there were subsequent legal battles, and a tribunal eventually ruled in her parent s favor. Quinlan was removed from the mechanical ventilation in 1976 - but she

Fundamentals of Educational Information Systems †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Educational Information Systems. Answer: Introduction: Based on the analysis of this studies I believe the result have been consistent. Based on the case one on analytic used to predict the patients likelihood for the readmission on the first study is on the analysis by the Belgian hospital Discharge dataset. This research has identified all the factors which are needed for a readmission to the hospital to take place (Avison and Fitzgerald, 2003). There has been a systematic step which has been followed to arrive at these critical factors (Stair and Reynolds, 2016). This research does not employ any theoretical perspective but rather practical aspects to determine which patients will be readmitted to the hospital. Another study which has been conducted by CEP clearly identified the variable required to prompt readmission for the patients. This study is articulate in that it has followed a given procedure to arrive at a conclusion (Stair and Reynolds, 2016). Moreover, even the research conducted by a group of physician using nine hundred and sixty six bed examined there aspect using a Rothman Index which is a measure for the patient condition at discharge. These research clearly shows how the researcher used scientific approaches to examine a given phenomenon. I think these finding can be applied in all the hospitals as well as the medical centers across the United States and the world in general. The reason for this that these methods have identified on the risks which may result to the readmission of the patients (Lunenburg and Ornstein, 2011). Moreover, they have been able to identify on the key factors which could lead them to readmit. In these factors which are identified are applicable in all the medical centers and hospitals across USA and the world. There are no foreign elements which has been introduced in the research but rather it is based on real case scenario of organization which have existed. An example of this is in the study which was carried by a group of the physician using the data from 966 bed for the teaching hospital. This is a real case scenario of a hospital which exists. Another reason is that the methods have used scientific approaches such as use of the Rothman Index which measures the condition of the patient at the discharge. I think it should rely on the results of the general studies as those descried here. The purpose of any research which has been done in a given field forms the basis to which one could learn or gain insight to. The research done in the study has identified on the major factors which indicate the high risk for the unplanned hospital readmission. It has used a comprehensive dataset of Belgian Hospital as the case study and the data has been collected for a long time (Laudon and Laudon, 2016). In any research data is the most important components. When this hospital rely on their own data they do not have to work with. I believe the best thing is that they use this data provided and with time they could improve on this data with their own where they see the research lacking in quality. References Avison, D., and Fitzgerald, G., 2003. Information systems development: methodologies, techniques and tools. McGraw Hill. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016. Management information system. Pearson Education India. Lunenburg, F.C. and Ornstein, A.C., 2011. Educational administration: Concepts and practices. Cengage Learning. Stair, R., Reynolds., 2016. Fundamentals of information systems (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Learning Australia. (pp. 292-293)

Starbucks in China free essay sample

Three major cultural differences between USA and China Julio A. Escalante de la Piedra JIU University February 7, 2014 Author Note Julio A. Escalante de la Piedra, Global Strategies, JIU University. This analysis is supported by three references cited on the reference list at the end of this document and the author`s personal experience. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Julio A. Escalante de la Piedra. E-mail: Julio. escalante. [emailprotected] com SECTION 1: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES The next table shows three major cultural differences between Starbuck`s home country (USA) VS the host country analyzed (China) and how these differences can represent a problem. (Li Qing, 1995) Chinese American Problem Conception of the Self Collectivist: Higher value placed on group cooperation and individual modesty. Individualist: Higher value placed on self-reliance. Self-promotion is more accepted. High value placed on freedom from externally imposed constraints. It may be difficult to approach a high-status Chinese executive if you ignore this difference of conception. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks in China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Role of laws, rules, and regulations More faith in personal relationships than in written rules and procedures for structuring interactions. Written rules presumably apply to everyone and are assumed to produce fair, reasonable procedures and decisions. The firm might trust China`s rules without knowing that relationships are more relevant. Time Consciousness Relatively more attention to the past and to the longer-term future. Less interested in the past; eye on near-term future. The firm needs to focus on a long-term relationship instead of a short-term profit. SECTION 2: VALUE OF CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE It is extremely important for Starbucks to be aware of the cultural differences mentioned in section one. Not being aware of them may result in business failure. The value of knowing these differences is enormous. Starbucks needs to understand the importance of socializing and getting to know the counterparts before a deal is signed (Rachel Bennett, 2010. ). That relationships are more relevant that laws and that a long-term business and personal relationship is essential. With this knowledge, Starbucks will create better strategies to be accepted in China. SECTION 3: STRATEGIC PLAN 1. Build personal relationships with possible business partners and their families. 2. Hire Chinese high executives to run the company in China along with American executives to learn how they create group cooperation. 3. Make a press conference reaffirming Starbuck`s long-term compromise with the Chinese culture (clients, employees and communities). 4. Prepare a plan to find aspects that converge American culture aspects with Chinese culture aspects. 5. Promote teamwork in the company and give promotions to whole teams instead of individual people. 6. Invest in long-term projects that aren`t focused on immediate profit.

Plains Indians Essays - Plains Tribes, Great Sioux War,

Plains Indians For many tribes of Plains Indians whose bison-hunting culture flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony . . . the rite celebrates renewal - the spiritual rebirth of participants and their relatives as well as the regeneration of the living earth with all its components . . . The ritual, involving sacrifice and supplication to insure harmony between all living beings, continues to be practiced by many contemporary native Americans. -Elizabeth Atwood LawrenceAs the most important ritual of the nomadic Plains Indians, the Sun Dance in itself presents many ideas, beliefs, and values of these cultures. Through its rich symbolism and complicated rituals we are able to catch a glimpse into these peoples' view of the world. A Sun Dance is held when a man feels the need to be a dancer to fulfill certain wishes, primarily "for his deliverance from his troubles, for supernatural aid, and for beneficent blessings upon all of his people ." (Welker) It is this dancer who usually bears the expenses of the Sun Dance (Atwood), including a feast for all that comes to the celebration. (Welker) Motivations behind the Sun Dance varies slightly between tribes. The Crow held the ceremony to seek aid for revenge for family members killed in warfare. The entire event surrounding the Sun Dance generally lasts from four to seven days, though longer events exist. On the first day a tree is selected to serve as the sun-pole, the center pole for the Sun Dance Lodge, or New-Life-Lodge, as called by the Cheyenne. (Atwood) The selection of the tree is usually done by the eldest woman of the camp, who leads a group of elaborately dressed maidens to the tree to strip off its branches. On the next morning, right as the sun is seen over the eastern horizon, armed warriors charge the sun-pole. They attack the tree in effort to symbolically kill it with gunshots and arrows. Once it is dead it is cut down and taken to where the Sun Dance Lod ge will be erected. (Schwatka) "Before raising the sun-pole, a fresh buffalo head with a broad centre strip of the back of the hide and tail (is) fastened with strong throngs to the top crotch of the sun-pole. Then the pole (is) raised and set firmly in the ground, with the buffalo head facing ! toward the setting-sun." (Welker) The tree represents the center of the world, connecting the heavens to the earth. (Smart p. 527) The lodge is then built by the main dancer and his clansmen. The fork of the lodge represents the eagle's nest. The eagle plays a large part in the Sun Dance for it is one of the Plains Indians' most sacred animal. The eagle flies high, being the closest creature to the Sun. Therefore it is the link between man and spirit, being the messenger that delivers prayers to the Wakan-Tanka (god). (Atwood) In addition to being a messenger, the eagle also represents many human traits. We can see what values and traits these cultures saw as being important in a person by t hose traits imposed upon such a sacred animal. The eagle is seen as courageous, swift, and strong. He has great foresight and knows everything. "In an eagle there is all the wisdom of the world." (Atwood) During the Sun Dance the eagle is the facilitator of communication between man and spirit. The Crow may be accompanied by a dancing eagle in his visions, the eagle "instructing him about the medicine acquired through the vision." (Atwood) The eagle's feathers can cure illnesses. During the Sun Dance a medicine man may use his eagle feather for healing, first touching the feather to the sun-pole then to the patient, transferring the energy from the pole to the ill. It is the buffalo, however, that makes up the main theme of the Sun Dance. In various stories it was the buffalo that began the ritual. The Shoshone believe that the buffalo taught someone the proper way to carry out the dance and the benefits in doing it. Buffalo songs, dances, and feast commonly accompany the Sun Dance. You can see from the symbolic influences

Free Essays on Overcoming The Odds

Overcoming the Odds Women are viewed different than men are with regards to their gender roles. Women’s gender roles in a general sense are the homemaker, mother, wife, and sex object. In movies women are often put into roles that are exceptable to women’s rights groups as well as unexceptable. In the movie G.I Jane the main character Jordan who is a woman is selected to participate in a test that would allow a woman to take part in the Navy Seals training program. Until now it was unheard of to see a woman try to pass this rigorous training. Jordan deals with double standard rules at the start, eventually speaking with the captain so she is treated as equally as the rest of the men. She prevails at the end and proves that a woman can complete the training just like a man could. In this movie women are portrayed as not being capable of completing such a rigorous task that is designed for men. Women’s rights groups would be supportive of this movie due to Jordan’s drive to co mplete a male’s task that nobody thought she could do. In the movie G.I Jane there are a few relationships that play a big role in defining Jordan’s character. Her relationship with her boyfriend Royce plays the first part of discrimination against women going into Navy Seal training. Although he looks at the situation from a loving relationship standpoint he feels that she will not be able to complete the training. Royce looks at Jordan just like all the other men when she arrived at the Navy base. Jordan also known as Lieutenant O ‘ Neal arrives at the Navy base greeted by vulgar males in the cafeteria making comments and whistling at her. The male trainees treated her like she does not belong there and they think she is a joke. Jordan sticks up for herself and wants to prove that women can finish this training program as well as men can. They look at her because she is woman and therefore, â€Å"Our art, not our lives, to often presents us as a... Free Essays on Overcoming The Odds Free Essays on Overcoming The Odds Overcoming the Odds Women are viewed different than men are with regards to their gender roles. Women’s gender roles in a general sense are the homemaker, mother, wife, and sex object. In movies women are often put into roles that are exceptable to women’s rights groups as well as unexceptable. In the movie G.I Jane the main character Jordan who is a woman is selected to participate in a test that would allow a woman to take part in the Navy Seals training program. Until now it was unheard of to see a woman try to pass this rigorous training. Jordan deals with double standard rules at the start, eventually speaking with the captain so she is treated as equally as the rest of the men. She prevails at the end and proves that a woman can complete the training just like a man could. In this movie women are portrayed as not being capable of completing such a rigorous task that is designed for men. Women’s rights groups would be supportive of this movie due to Jordan’s drive to co mplete a male’s task that nobody thought she could do. In the movie G.I Jane there are a few relationships that play a big role in defining Jordan’s character. Her relationship with her boyfriend Royce plays the first part of discrimination against women going into Navy Seal training. Although he looks at the situation from a loving relationship standpoint he feels that she will not be able to complete the training. Royce looks at Jordan just like all the other men when she arrived at the Navy base. Jordan also known as Lieutenant O ‘ Neal arrives at the Navy base greeted by vulgar males in the cafeteria making comments and whistling at her. The male trainees treated her like she does not belong there and they think she is a joke. Jordan sticks up for herself and wants to prove that women can finish this training program as well as men can. They look at her because she is woman and therefore, â€Å"Our art, not our lives, to often presents us as a...

Discussion for online Business Ethics class - Week 3 Essay

Discussion for online Business Ethics class - Week 3 - Essay Example e equal on social and economic grounds, even then there will remain a perceptual dissatisfaction due to human’s nature to look beyond what he is today and thus strive for more, than what others have. Thus social democratic societies cannot achieve happiness. However, Kelly believes that happiness comes from exercising freedom. He calls the corporation of today as the government of the propertied class, a concept similar to plutocracy and timocracy where privileged class dictates the terms and thus few is the number of happy people. Therefore in order to bring happiness amongst the society, it is necessary to bring happiness amongst masses which can be brought by ending the rule of the elite, and the introducing the measures that shall also use the growth of other stakeholder’s such as employees to indicate the growth of the corporations. Kelly has distinguished a corporation from its stockholders. The role of corporation is not to maximize profits only but to also address the issues of the corporate stakeholders that also include employees, customers, suppliers, creditors etc. Thus instead of focusing on the shareholders only which it does by perceiving each and everything from his eye only, it shall also focus on the well being of its other stakeholders too by increasing wages and funding healthy environment for instance. While Novak’s perception is optimistic about corporations, Kelly views it pessimistically. Novak believes that corporations have been wrongly blamed to have ignored morality and promoted only that, which has been useful to them but he agrees that corporations do have the elements of aristocracy. On the other hand Kelly believes that the corporations have wrongly assumed the role of exercising the desires of the elite, it has to do more than maximizing the profits of its shareholders. Therefore, instead of competing on the wealth of the shareholders, the corporations need to compete on wider basis such as raising the standards of the

System Feedback Loops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

System Feedback Loops - Essay Example The environment in which organizations operate is not only complex but driven by numerous factors that define the competitive strengths and strategic plans of the business. These factors include the market competition, their strategic approach, customer expectations, preferences, research and development capabilities, economic, political and social aspects driving market trends, and technology know-how that involve new product ideas, techniques, and innovation (Smith, 2001). One of the biggest challenges faced by any organization operating in such environmental conditions is the ability to adapt to the needs of the changing market environment and the capability to harness its resources in the desired direction to achieve defined goals. Competitive strengths and advantages are developed by organizations through a deeper understanding of market driving forces and constant efforts in the direction of enhanced performance and productivity. Human resources play a vital role in helping the organizations achieve the defined goals and targets. A key aspect driving the performance of human resources is employee learning and skills development (Uslar & Prof Norbert, 2007). The paper explores the different dimensions of a learning organization through a study of feedback loops and its application within Industrial Services of America Inc (ISA). The market shares of the company have gone up steadily with the company focusing on delivering high quality products at competitive prices. However, the competitive industry environment offers distinctive challenges in the form of constant focus on product quality and innovative products to retain its market shares. Firms are finding it difficult to maintain pace with the rapid changes taking place in technology and need to adopt innovative work practices to launch new and improved product designs (Nowotny, 2006). ISA’s focus in such a scenario

Arab and israeli conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab and israeli conflict - Essay Example Evidently, this changed leading to a series of conflicts that are still being experienced today. Podeh (27) reveals that after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, both the Arab and the Israeli aimed at occupying the empire; as a result, there was a political and nationalist conflict between Arab and Israeli over territorial competition. The conflict then spread to the local Israeli and the Palestinians. The conflict between Arab and Israeli was based on different aspects. There was religious aspect where by Muslim, Jewish and the Christian argued about the idea of the chosen people. Both sides claim to have full right to take the land of Canaan. The Israeli people claim that the land was for the children of Israel as promised by God according to the bible. The Arabs, on the other hand, claim the same land in accordance to their Quran. The Arabs argue that the land of Canaan was promised to all of Abrahams’ descendants including Ishmael. Arabs claim descent from Ishmael hence they had to fight for the land of Canaan. Despite a number of peace agreements between Arabs and Israeli, the conflict has moved from bad to worse. The two conflicting parties have involved into wars of which the Israeli defense force has won most of them. Throughout the conflict period, the Israeli government is positive at the conflict negotiations with their rivals Arabs. The conflict is one of a kind having lasted for almost six decades. Podeh (34) asserts that America has been in the front line to help in resolving the conflict between Arab and Israeli. The United States provides defense to the Israel against the common threats of the radical Islam and the terroristic activities. America has significantly promoted peace to the Arabs and Israelis by allowing the Israelis to take greater risks for peace. United State has also helped the government of Israeli to retain back many of its immigrants America being a superpower nation, it has

Statue of David: Donatello and Bernini Comparison

Statue of David: Donatello and Bernini Comparison The Biblical character of David has been the inspiration for many works of art throughout history. The young David, as Goliaths adversary, has been sculpted by such artists as Verrocchio, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Bernini. Although all of these sculptures are comparable in some aspects, the ones by Donatello and Bernini present significant differences. Donatello was an Italian sculptor of the Early Renaissance whose work is seen as a link from classic to modern art. He trained in Florence with Lorenzo Ghiberti and began working on his own in 1408. Donatello is considered one of the founders of modern sculpture because of he created realistic human expressions and stressed action and character. He is eminent for his use of perspectives, including physical distortions for dramatic effect, and was a master craftsman with a talent for innovation. Probably the most famous example of fifteenth-century sculpture is the bronze David by Donatello. Dates for the work vary from the 1430s to the 1460s. It is recorded as the centerpiece of the first courtyard in the Palazzo Medici during the wedding festivities of Lorenzo de Medici and Clarice Orsini in 1469. Some have argued that it was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici in the 1430s to be the centerpiece of the courtyard of the older Medici house on the Via Larga. Another great creator of the sculpture of David was Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini was a sculptor, painter and architect and a shaping influence as an outstanding advocate of the Italian Baroque. He was an exceptional portrait artist and owes to his father his accomplished techniques in the handling of marble and also an impressive list of patrons that included the Borghese and the Barbarini families. Bernini originally worked in the Late Mannerist tradition but rejected the contrived tendencies of this style. By 1624 he had adopted an expression that was passionate and full of emotional and psychological energy. His figures are caught in a transient moment from a single viewpoint, bursting into the spectators space. Bernini created a life-size marble statue of David that was part of a commission to decorate the villa of Berninis patron Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the Galleria Borghese where it still resides. It was completed in the course of seven months from 1623 to 1624. One major variation between the statues of David is that Donatellos is very early Renaissance, he is going towards more realistic features, whereas, Bernini is working in a more baroque style, combing action and attentiveness, for instance in Davids face, to achieve a vitality in the work that is not seen in Donatellos David. Berninis David was created during the Baroque Period, a time of great liveliness when artists were captivated by movement and the activities of the human body. This sculpture implies action and captures David as he is actually throwing the stone at Goliath. Davids muscles are tense and contracted. His face is a grimace of concentration, somewhat contorted by the physical effort of his movements. His loosely flowing robe also adds to the idea of movement. Berninis sculpture of David was an innovative sculpture for its time, it represents the beginning of a new sculptural artistic. Another major distinction between Donatellos and Berninis sculpture is Berninis captures David during the fight with Goliath while Donatellos portrays David after the fight. Berninis David depicts movement in a way not previously attempted in stone. The biblical youth is taut and poised to shoot his projectile. The twisted torso, furrowed forehead, and granite grimace of Berninis David epitomize Baroque fixation with dynamic movement and emotion over High Renaissance inaction and classical severity. The sculpture communicates to an unseen entity, in the form of Goliath, the object of Davids aggression, as well as to the observer, caught in the middle of the conflict. The warrior even literally oversteps the boundaries between life and art, putting his toes over the edge of the plinth. Bernini captures the moment when he becomes a hero. In the work of Donatello, the sculpture is portraying the scene after David has cut off the head of Goliath. His foot is raised on the severed head in a stance of contropposto. His sword is in the right hand with the stone in the left. Donatello has softened the static balance and firm stance of the traditional male figure. This softening is evident in the placement of the two hands as well as the way Davids free leg gently rests on the head of Goliath. An additional differentiation between the sculptures is that Donatellos David is nude whereas Berninis is semi-clothed. Donatello made history when he created this masterpiece, which became the first free-standing bronze sculpture that was completely unsupported and in nude form in the Renaissance period. The art work caused much controversy due to the depiction of the nude male body. There are a few symbolic elements to this David. The style of the figure refers to antiquity for the balance and composition of the nude. Energy in the sculpture animates the emotions and is a new technique used in this David, once again showing qualities from antiquity. This energy is not used in Berninis David. Another differences between the sculptures is Bernini depict David as more of a man, while Donatello shows him as a young boy. Berninis David was an action man, determined by his great skill and his likewise great ego to create a new visual ideal, full of action and incredible determination and self-belief. His hero is full-grown and fully engaged both physically and psychologically, as he takes aim and twists his tensed, muscular body a split second before slinging the stone, grasped in his left hand. Although Donatello was inspired by Classical figures, he did not choose a Greek youth in his prime as a model for his David. Instead, he chooses a barely developed adolescent boy whose arms appeared weak due to the lack of muscles. After defeating Goliath, whose head lies at Davids feet, he rests his sword by his side, almost too heavy to handle. It seems almost impossible that a young boy like David could have accomplished such a task. David himself seems skeptical of his deed as he g lances down towards his body. Apparently, Davids intellect, faith and courage made up for his lack of build. The sculptures of the heroic David are significantly efficacious, Donatello shows David in a moment of thought and triumph, whereas Bernini shows David right in physical preparation for hurling the stone at his opponent. Donatellos sculpture is iconic. It could be said that practically anyone in the world could recognize it, and when asked to name a sculpture would name it. Berninis is less known, but that doesnt make it the lesser sculpture. Both men were achievers in the field of marble sculpture, the likes of which the art form may never see again, and both works can be considered masterpieces in their own right.

Niccolo Machiavelli :: Papers

Niccolo Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence on 3 May 1469 during a time of great political activity in Italy. His first role in political affairs came at the young age of twenty-nine when the ruling regime of Savonrola fell from power in his native city. Though he had no previous administrative background, Machiavelli was appointed to serve as second chancellor of the Florentine Republic under the new government. His nomination to this powerful diplomatic post was in large part due to the powerful influence of the Italian humanists who stressed the need for an education in the "humane disciplines" of Latin, rhetoric, classical studies, ancient history and moral philosophy  ­ subjects in which Machiavelli excelled as a student. The position of second chancellor included important responsibilities for the foreign and diplomatic relations of the republic and gave Machiavelli the opportunity to travel and observe first-hand the successes and failures of leaders throughout Europe. It was from these experiences as a diplomat and ambassador that Machiavelli formed deep convictions about the methodology of effective leadership. Indeed, from his later writings it is evident that the foundation for much of his political philosophy rested upon the lessons he drew from the diplomatic and military events of his time. Machiavelli's first assignment was on a mission to the court of Louis XII of France to appease the French leader after a disaster in their alliance against Pisa. He quickly learned that Florence's sense of its own importance was clearly at odds with the realities of its military position and relative wealth. To anyone educated in the school of modern kingship, his native government appeared vacillating and weak. Machiavelli took this embarrassment to heart and later wrote powerfully about the political necessity of military strength, the dangers of procrastination, the folly of appearing irresolute, and the need for boldness, ferocity, and tangible power. A few years later, in October of 1502, Machiavelli was sent to meet with Cesare Borgia, the duke of Romagna and an audacious and threatening military power who later demanded a formal alliance with the Florentines. It was during this time of great political turmoil and upheaval in Italy that Machiavelli drew meaningful lessons from his observation and assessment of contemporary statecraft.

Polytechnic Education

In recent times, the discrimination of polytechnic education in Nigeria in the area of employment and even in admission has always created panic among polytechnic graduates and the youths in general. Various questions have been raised by students in the polytechnics and other similar institutions about the situation but there seems to be no answer. This paper therefore seeks to establish the relevance of polytechnic education in youth empowerment, economic self-reliance and national development. A sample of 200 respondents from different places was selected and a structured questionnaire was administered on them. It was established that, in spite of the discrimination on the National Diploma (ND) and the Higher National Diploma (HND), the demand for polytechnic education is on the increase. It was also noted that the polytechnics were established to train graduates for skill acquisition and practical knowledge necessary for industrial development. The paper concludes that though the Universities are the citadel of highest education, the polytechnic education was the first higher institution in Nigeria and West Africa in general and it has trained personnel for public and private organisations. Some of the recommendations made were: (a)The government should harmonize the admission criteria of the polytechnic in line with the universities (b) All Nigerians should change their orientations about paper qualification and learn to accept knowledge and experience in some areas during employment especially where practical knowledge is required.

American Cowboy Myth vs Reality

American Cowboy Myth vs Reality Introduction Arguably the most idealized image in America is that of the cowboy. The cowboy is typically pictured as a lone English-speaking, self made man riding majestically on a horse. He surpasses his limits and rises above all troubles. This image of the cowboy inspires patriotic sentiments to the American and is a representation of the American ideals.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on American Cowboy: Myth vs Reality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hillis declares that there are few cultural images as widespread and enduring as the image of the American cowboy (17). The conceived image of the cowboy embodies the perceived virtues and abilities of the entire American society. The image of the stereotypical western cowboy who is brave, just and noble has all but erased the truth about the real cowboy who existed in the mid 1800s. Wright acknowledges how much the history of the wild west has become enshrine d in myth by stating that it seems this land has become our tradition- a tradition based not on the West itself but on the myth of the West (24). The West as most people think of it if therefore more of a historical force rather than a historical fact. The reality is that the cowboy (the historical figure) was not as novel as the idealized creation makes him out to be. The battles he waged were seldom just and he did not represent peace. This paper shall set out to give a true depiction of the cowboy by differentiating the myths from the realities. The paper will begin by tracing the birth of the cowboy and how the image of the cowboy has become enshrined in myth. The paper shall then explore the reality of the cowboy so as to reinforce the fact the image of the cowboy that most people have is an invention of myth and not reality. Birth of the Cowboy The Cowboy was born in Texas in the mid 1800s as a result of the great cattle herds that were available. Following the independence of Texas, many Mexican’s fled to the south leaving behind thousands of cattle which were grazing in the marshlands. These cattle were considered public property since they had no owners. The inhabitants of southern Texas discovered that rounding up the strays and driving them to the market was good business. Wallace notes that the concept of rounding up cattle and driving them to the market was nothing new and the practice had been in existence even before the Civil War (17).Advertising Looking for dissertation on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ranches were also established by individuals or companies and here, large herds were reared. The success of a rancher was pegged on his ability to transport the large herds and sell them to the high demand regions. To do this, the cattle had to be moved northwards to the national markets or at least to the railroad shipping destinations. The biggest problem invo lved the path through which the cattle would traverse. This was because settler farmers along the way did not entertain large herds marching over their crops and destroying them. In many cases, lawmen often stopped cattle from going through certain regions. The only path that the cattle drive could take freely was Northwards, through Indian Territory where no law existed. To ensure the success of the cattle drives through this wild lands, a large number of cowboys were needed to mobilize the vast herds of cattle.  Thus as these squads of cowboys drove their herds from South Texas to the north, the era of the American cowboy was born. The journey by the cowboys on the trail was full of perils as they encountered numerous dangers that were traditionally associated with the Mississippi frontier (Hillis 18). In the vast plains, the cowboys where at the mercy of nature which was at times unforgiving. They had to bear with windstorms, prairie fires and even floods. In addition to this, there was the every present risk of attacks from Indians who inhabited the land. However, the reign of the cowboy did not last for long and Hillis documents that less than twenty years after the first cattle drive, conditions developed that ended the cattle drive (18). This conditions included the extension of the railroad lines into the south therefore removing the need for cattle herds to be driven North by Cowboys. In addition to this, local governments drew legal lines that denied the great herds the right to traverse through the plain headed north. Even so, the image of the cowboy continued to grow and with this growth an idealized image of the cowboy was created. This image was embraced by the public and continues to influence the image that most people have of the cowboy. The Myth of the Cowboy The Myth of the cowboy if one of the oldest in America and it is expressed in a wide body of literature and folklore spanning for a period of three centuries. Slotkin records that acco rding to this myth, the means to the achievement of an American national identify was through the conquest of the wilderness and the subjugation of the original inhabitants of the land (10).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on American Cowboy: Myth vs Reality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most influential authors on the West, Walter Prescott Webb, describes the cowboy as a man who lives on horseback as do the Bedouins; he fights on horseback, as did the knights of chivalry; he goes armed with a strange new weapon which he uses ambidextrously and precisely; he swears like a trooper, drinks like a fish, wears clothes like an actor, and fights like a devil. He is gracious to the ladies, reserved towards strangers, generous to his friends and brutal to his enemies. He is a cowboy, the typical Westerner (quoted in Frantz and Choate 80).  This description of the cowboy as articulated by Webb embodies th e image of the cowboy within existing literary myth. Sullivan asserts that the cowboy is often required to fight and kill to establish a community that is structured around the European cultural systems (17). In addition to this, this hero is often required to live in the community. This implies that the capacity to colonize was a necessity so as to actualize the expansionist frontier ideal. According to the myth, the cowboy is a man who is in charge of his destiny; he meets the challenges of every day and even in the face of great odds, he does not back down but charges onwards relentlessly. The myth holds that cowboys were universally possessed by a free sprit as they ventured out into the Wild West. These courageous souls feared neither man, brute nor element and embodied the archetype of freedom. Frantz and Choate reveal that this folk figure embodies all the virtues of the Anglo-American man and he was a force to reckon with (72). The historical cowboy was not in charge of his own destiny since cowboys were mostly farm hands who were hired to help drive the large herds to the market. The cowboys sold their skills in return for monetary gains and they followed the command of their masters. This reality contrasts with the mythical image of the cowboy as a self-assured man who is the master of his own fate.  The sophistication which is given to the cowboy is also a creation of myth. Wister Owen who published The Virginian in 1902 is credited with adding a level of sophistication to the cowboy. In his work, he altered the image of the western hero. Even and Pavich state that Wister added gentility to temper the preexistent toughness, courage and cleverness† (370). This image had no historical merit since the cowboy was an unsophisticated farm hand whose livelihood was dependent on his acquired skills with cattle.Advertising Looking for dissertation on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even so, this image of Wisters West was accepted by a large audience and continues to be the basis of the stereotypical cowboy image.  Another mythical image of the legendary cowboy is that of the lawman. This image was first created by Norris who sought to change the image of the cowboy from that of villain. Prior to this, the cowboy had been glamorized as a lawless hero with men such as Buffalo Bill personifying the cowboy. Norris creation presented the cowboy as the heroic Anglo-Saxon who was fighting for law and justice so as to subjugate a wild land (Even and Pavich 374). In his book, The Octopus, Norris represented the cowboy as a good man who was willing to die for a cause. This man was brave, selfless and as such a hero. This is the image that is projected in most of the Western movies where the cowboy rides after the lawless characters and confronts them in an epic gun battle. Here, the selfless cowboy wins through his skill with the six gun, a gun which is symbolized as a weapon of peace and justice Eugene Manlove Rhodes who was a writer who wrote about the cowboy owing to his literary craftsmanship and his involvement in the horse and cattle-West introduced the legacy of The Code of the West. According to this fictitious code, the cowboy was self-reliant, individualistic and accepted danger in all its forms. The cowboy held class distinctions in disdain and had a self-imposed obligation to assist anyone in distress (Even Pavich 517). This myth showcases the cowboy as a person of honor who lives by a code much like the medieval knights did. Even and Pavich note that Eugene Rhodes idealized the notion of the west and his writings were romantic confections as opposed to the real truth. The morality of the community is also embodied in the myth of the cowboy. A man in the Western lands was as great as he desired to be and as good or as bad as he wished. The law only existed within its immediate jurisdiction and outside of it every man was his own law.   Another mythical image of the cowboy is as that of the last frontiersman who led the way for the imposition of order in the Wild West. The acclaimed historian Frederick Turner defines westward expansion as an invisible frontier line separating civilization from savagery (Turner and Faragher 15). American development depended on the advancement of American settlement westwards and the civilizing of the savage regions. The cowboy personified this push of the frontier line forward. According to this myth, the sensible Anglo Americans were able to survive on the land by imposing spatial order on the hostile environment led by the cowboy. The cowboy was a frontier survivor who attempted to lead a peaceful life but was ready to use violent ways (his skills as a gunfighter) to establish peace and justice (Sullivan 122). The cowboy then drove into the sunset presumably to repeat the same scenario in a new uncivilized place further on in the west. This proclamation of the Anglo Americans capacity to impose order on untamed space is deemed by Sullivan as a familiar justification for the imposition of Anglo rule upon the West (121). This myth advances that without a compulsive drive to expand and exploit the opportunities that exist on the other side, a culture and a nation will die or be weakened to the point where they can be dominated by a stronger people. The cowboy is therefore painted as an individual who loves his nation and is fulfilling the patriotic duty of a citizen by assisting in the colonization of the empty space that exists in the West. Reality of the Cowboy The myths about the cowboy paint a hopeful picture that is far from what the reality was. To begin with, the Conquest and settlement of the West which was supposedly led by the cowboys in the 19th century inevitably resulted in the destruction or at best displacement of the native people who had up to that point inhabited the land. According to the cowboy stories, the Indians are shown to be a bar baric and savage tribe. In their journey westwards, the cowboy is constantly attacked by hordes of Indians with their bows and arrows. The cowboy bravely fights off these barbarians and hence spreads civilization to the desolate west. This idealization or the cowboy and demonization of the Indian are far from the truth. In actual sense, the cowboys were guilty of attacking and killing Indians in their quest to acquire land from the natives. Iverson states that when settlers and ranchers wished to expand the horizon of the cattlemans West, the Indians stood in their way (27). As such, they had to be removed and the primary means through which this was achieved was with violence. The western frontier was not a vast and empty land that the cowboy bravely conquered. Instead, the west was Indian land and the Americans were intruders.  The cowboy myth also perpetrates racism in America. This is through the proposal that the American cowboy population was made up entirely of whites. Hist orians estimate that up to 40% of cowboys were Hispanic or black and their influence is evident in western occupational speech and slang (31). Even so, the popular image of the typical cowboy of the Old West is a white square-jawed male with a tilted hat on. Limerick laments that the popular cowboy image ignores important characters: Native Americans, Hispanics and African Americans, who were an integral part of the actual American West story (323). This abject omission of these major players is the product of later racist stereotypes which have been politically and sociologically embraced. Even and Pavich state that the white cowboy removes any acknowledgement of the deeper level of earlier indebtedness to other races that folklore suggested (31). The myth of the cowboy promotes the idea of a racial hierarchy. In this hierarchy, white people and in particular white people from the United States are ranked as first and the other races follow. The racial aspect to the cowboy myth is further highlighted by Sullivan who notes that in most Western stories and movies, the good Anglo American triumphs over the evil Indians and Mexican therefore suggesting racial superiority (22).  Violence is justified through the cowboy myth since it is suggested that only through violent confrontation is peace and civilization achieved. The violence that the hero endures in Slotkins book appears to be justified by the ultimate consequences which is peace through out the land. Slotkin suggests that this theme of regeneration through violence which is recurrent in American frontier mythology may be responsible for the violence perpetrated by Americans both at home and abroad (650). The cowboy myth also sustains the myth of the six gun (which was favored by Anglo Americans) as a weapon for peace. This is ironic considering the fact that the gun was used to forcefully evict the Native Americans from their land.  Cowboys were guilty of engaging in dishonesty and social vices. Sulli van documents that most cowboys took to cattle rustling in a bid to make a quick fortune (34). The cowboys did not only steal from people outside of their community but they also stole from their masters. Cowboys were also adventurers who left their families in search of adventure and or new fortunes in the wild. This image is a big contrast to the image of the cowboy who brings about law and order to the community. In actual sense, cowboys were also responsible for bringing about lawlessness in the community. The conquest of the American West was not an honorable thing as the image of the cowboy suggests. In reality, it was violent and unjust and beneficial only to the immigrants. At the end of most frontier fiction, the cowboy hero is seen disappearing into the far mountains alone. While this image does not state anything explicit, it implies the ideal of self-sufficiency and self-reliance. The cowboy leaves behind him a peaceful and fully functional community. He sets out in sear ch on new territory which he will conquer through his violent frontier skills and later on bring about the same peacefulness that he left behind (Sullivan 17). This myth overlooks the destruction that the cowboy brought about to the â€Å"uncivilized† people even as he set out to establish a civilized settlement. The cowboy was guilty of expediting the process of destroying the native Indians way of life. At the extreme, this destruction resulted in the massacre of entire tribes that stood in the path of the cowboy. In retrospective, the inimitable cowboy Charlie Russell while talking about the old Indian way of life lamented that Theyve been living in heaven for a thousand years and we took it away from em for forty dollars a month (46). Discussion The image of the cowboy continues to be presented as the idealization of American identity. The real cowboy as he existed in historical time has all but disappeared and what remains in his place is an idealized creation of the Ame rican folk. It should be noted that mythology plays a great role in the American national identity. Mythology is the mirror through which the American people can derive an understanding of themselves and their experiences. It connects them with greater ideals and affirms a set of values that culture finds to be desirable. While the myth serves this useful role, it overlooks the catastrophic history that the American immigrants left in their wake as they ventured westwards. The European settlers who first arrived to North America believed that they had discovered a vast and vacant land. The pioneers viewed the unoccupied land as their promised land with complete disregard to the millions of Native Americans who had inhabited the continent for millenniums before the discovery of America by the White settlers. This paper set out to expose the truth about the real cowboy and hence help to differentiate myth from reality. From the discussions presented herein, it is clear that the cowboy saga was not characterized solely by hardships being met and overcome and creating an ideal society from the wilderness. The cowboy saga also included numerous incidents of broken dreams and victimization of the Native Americans who historically owned the land. If history is to be looked at objectively, it is the Indians and not the cowboys who were the heroes. These Indians resisted and fought for their native land which was being invaded by the Americans. While Americans prided themselves with being people of laws, their encounter with the Indians tells a different story. The American’s made treaties with Indians and later went against their words. In instances where the Indians were unwilling to enter into bargains with the American’s they were labeled as enemies and attacked on their own land. This paper exposes the cowboy for who he really was: a hired man of horseback whose actions were seldom noble or inspiring. Without a doubt, the extraordinary journey that c owboys took from Texas to Montana was and remains to be something to be marveled at. The bravery of the cowboys who undertook this drives is without question. However, the powerful symbol of cowboy as it is generally understood is a gross exaggeration and a myth which overlooks the bleak realities of the time. By portraying the Indians as savages, the cowboy myth offers justification for the American subjugation of these native occupants of the land. Conclusion The American cowboy myth continues to play a huge role in American imagination and many people have come to both identify with and accept it as the truth. This paper set out to show the true reality of the cowboy who has for decades been idealized in popular American culture. The paper began by documenting the birth of the cowboy and the mundane reality that constituted the cowboy’s existence. The paper then highlighted the numerous myths of cowboys that are held as truth by the general population. It has been discover ed that this myths were created out of the need for American mythology. The mythical image that we know of today is mostly the work of authors and poets who romanticized the West. This paper has shown the reality of the west in an objective manner. From the arguments given, it has been seen that the cowboy was not a glorious or honorable and just person as myth makes him out to be. Instead, he was an invader who robbed the Native Americans off their lands through violence. From this paper, it is evident that the historically correct cowboy image is marred with a legacy of pain, prejudice and injustice. Even, Larry, and Pavich Paul. A Literary History of the American West. Texas Christian University Press, 1987. Print. Frantz, Joe, and Choate Julian. The American Cowboy: The Myth and the Reality. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981. Hillis, Craig. â€Å"Cowboys and Indians: The International Stage†. Journal of Texas Music History, Volume 2, Issue 1. 2002. Iverson, Peter. When Indians Became Cowboys: Native Peoples and Cattle Ranching in the American West. University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. Print. Limerick, P N. The Legacy of Conquest. New York: W. W. Norton, 1987. Print. Slotkin, Richard. Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1987. Print. Sullivan, Tom. Cowboys and Caudillos: Frontier Ideology of The Americas. Popular Press, 1990. Print. Turner, Frederick Jackson, and Faragher John. Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: the Significance of the Frontier in American History, and Other Essays. New York: H. Holt, 1994. Wallace, Edward. The backside of American History. Jan 2008. Web. Wright, W. Six Guns and Society: A Structural Study of the Western. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1975. Print.

An Insight to Small Business Professor Ramos Blog

An Insight to Small Business Small businesses are corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships that have less employees along with revenue because they are not the same size as a â€Å"regular† corporation that operates on a larger scale. Small businesses offer services such as convenient stores, small grocery stores, restaurants, bakeries, hairdressers, tradespeople such as carpenters and electricians, photographers, and some small-scale manufacturing such as toy manufacturing, being a smart phone accessory maker, or a plastic container manufacturer. Most small businesses are sole-proprietor operations meaning they provide low income for doing things like selling prepared hot food on the street. Small businesses can range from fifteen employees to no more than five thousand. According to Jason Nazar’s contributed statistics in Forbes, there are almost 28 million small businesses in the United States, with approximately 543,000 of these new businesses starting up each month. United States small businesses employee nearly 60 million people, which is nearly 40 percent of the private workforce, and they have generated over 65 percent of new jobs since 1995. Firms with fewer than one hundred employees actually hold a wide variety of the over all small business employment (see Figure 1 for the ratio between firm size to employment).   https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/March_April_2016_FINAL_508_compliant.pdf Aside from the small businesses that maintain full-time or part-time employees, there are businesses that employ nobody other than the owner themselves. A nonemployer business is one that has no paid employees, annual business receipts of $1,000 or more and must pay federal income taxes. Most nonemployers are self-employed individuals operating very small unincorporated businesses, depending on the owners source of capital (money). Nazar states that around 75 percent of all United States businesses are nonemployer businesses and that around 80 percent of these non-employee businesses reported less than $50,000 in receipts which is considered low income even though over 22 million are self-employed and can take in all revenue made. These statistics show that it can be extremely challenging to invest into your own small business venture, but sometimes the ambition does prove to pay off in the long run. Even though starting up your own small business may require a lot out of you physically and mentally, the financial cost of starting up is not as large as Americans make it out to be. The annual cost of starting up a small business can be as low as $3,000, however most home-based franchises cost $2,000 to $5,000 to start. If you’re someone who is interested in a career focused on web design or computer programming then you can even start your small business online, which can be most beneficial for networking connections through social media or running a website. According to eMarketer, an online digital marketer, there was a 24.8 percent increase in the annual Online Small Businesses, the global worldwide sales reached $2.304 trillion and online businesses accounted for 58.9 percent of those sales (Pilon). As online business continues to be a larger factor of the retail market around the world, getting your business ideas online can be a convenient way to network with people a round you and if you’re lucky all that you really need to get your business started is that first good connection. Online businesses are growing at double digit rates and you need to be able to capture the public’s attention and expose your latest online business ideas to encourage growth within your own business. If you have started a small business then I’m sure you have struggled with some sort of lack in cash flow which is a very common difficulty that business owners experience. In 2014,   220,000 establishments (small businesses) started in the United States and 205,000 exited the United States due to not having enough revenue (Nazar). Every business has its own financing needs; experts have some tips to help you figure out how much cash you will actually need to start your own small business. Entrepreneur Drew Gerber, who started a technology company, a publicity firm and a financial planning company, estimates that an entrepreneur will need six months’ worth of fixed costs just to start their own small business. Gerber instructs, â€Å"Have a plan to cover your expenses in the first month, Identify your customers before you open the door so you can have a way to start covering those expenses†. One of the main reasons most small businesses fail is that they simply run out of cash. Writing a business plan without basing your forecasts on reality often leads to an unfortunate, and often unnecessary, business failure. Without the benefit of experience or actual historical financials, it’s easy to overestimate a new company’s revenue and underestimate costs (McCahon). Twenty percent of small businesses fail in their first year, thirty percent of small businesses fail in their second year and fifty percent of small businesses fail after five years. Finally, thirty percent of all small businesses fail in their tenth year in business (Georgia McIntyre). There are many reasons why small businesses fail but a few things that tend to do harm are: Capital access (access to money), cash flow, lack of demand, and poor management. One of the major problems with small businesses is capital, as of 2015, seventy-three percent of small business owners weren’t able to access enough capital for their business ( https://www.fundera.com/blog/what-percentage-of-small-businesses-fail). This means that even if the money existed in a business account, a business owner cannot access it when needed for business operations, making it extremely challenging to run your business efficiently. California governmental agencies, small business organizations and state legislators come together every year to recognize that owning and starting your business is hard work. This annual event honors a few of the millions of small business that serve as â€Å"the economic engine of California†. Small businesses are engrained in California’s communities and economy contributing to 75 percent of California’s gross state product and over half of the states private sector jobs. â€Å"California Small Business Day† also allows business owners from across the state to connect with other business owners in an effort to learn from or gain insight from fellow entrepreneurs. According to a small-town and successful business owner, John Hackney, â€Å"This business can either make or break you, you have to be willing to sacrifice everything you have in order to start your own business.† He claims that the initial starting phase of your business will be one of the hardest periods of growth that you have to overcome through the entire process. Hackney also advises that if you plan your costs, don’t underestimate the expenses, and never forget that they can rise as the business grows, it’s easy to overlook costs when you’re thinking about the big picture, but you should always be very precise and thorough when planning for your fixed expenses. He also strongly believes that when your employees are appreciated and treated with respect, then you are sure to succeed in maintaining a loyal, hardworking staff. Ideals like these reveal why small businesses are so important and even endearing. We can come to the conclusion that even though starting your own business may seem to be one of the hardest things, it can also be equally as rewarding and beneficial.    California Small Business Association, â€Å"California Small Business Day 2018†, Business Wire (English). 06/19/2018, Article Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bwhAN=bizwire.c85292394site=ehost-live Richard Schwinn: PhD, Research Economist, â€Å"2016 State Small Business Profiles Released with Fresh Design†, The Small Business Advocate: Office of Advocacy, Vol. 35, No. 3, March- April 2016 Retrieved from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/March_April_2016_FINAL_508_compliant.pdf Jason Nazar, â€Å"16 Surprising Statistics About Small Businesses†, Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy, Sep 9, 2013 Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonnazar/2013/09/09/16-surprising-statistics-about-small-businesses/#269ebc195ec8 â€Å"Small Business†, page issues Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business Georgia McIntyre, â€Å"What is the Small Business Failure Rate?†, What Percentage of Small Businesses Fail? (And Other Need-to-Know Stats), August 29, 2018 Retrieved from   https://www.fundera.com/blog/what-percentage-of-small-businesses-fail Sammi Caramela, Startup Costs: How Much Cash Will You Need? April 12, 2018 https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5-small-business-start-up-costs-options.html Cynthia McCahon, Founder and CEO of Business Plan Software, â€Å"One of the Many Reasons Small Businesses Fail is because They Simply Run Out of Cash.†, April 12 2018 https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5-small-business-start-up-costs-options.html Drew Gerber, Entrepreneur, April 12 2018 https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5-small-business-start-up-costs-options.html John Hackney. Business owner, The Lakefront Taproom. (August 2018). Personal reference. (909)336-8443 United States census, Nonemployer Statistics, â€Å"Nonemployer Definitions†, https://www.census.gov/epcd/nonemployer/view/define.html Annie Pilon, Small Business Trends, â€Å"50 Online Business Ideas†, July 5 2018, https://smallbiztrends.com/2016/11/online-business-ideas.html

Organizational Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Business - Assignment Example You should take sometimes before you start changing the employees status quo, these period when you are acclimatizing to your new leadership position is vital in the sense that it gives you an opportunity to know why certain activities are taking place. Once this is established, you will know the approach to take so that tour actions do not generate friction with the employees (Yukl 156). The other guideline is the identification of the informal officials amongst the employees, these officials wields enough powers to influence the decision of the other employees. With regard to that, a good leader should earmark such people and develop friendship with them so that your actions do not internally antagonized. As a leader, it is also essential to have the basic history about your employees on the successes they had accomplished sometimes back and using them as examples for achievement of future goals. When this is done the employees do have the feeling that they are recognized and this motivates them. A leader should also endeavor to interview employees, when employees as this can enable them to get hidden information on what to do to increase efficiency at the work place. Lastly, a good leader needs to set goals to the employees, now that all the employees are understood and you have adapted to the system, it becomes easier to win the trust of the employees. Setting of the goals should also be done in consultation with the employees so that it does not appear as they are on the receiving end (Yukl 167). Regarding the guidelines stipulated above, there is one that can be of great help to the company to which this project is aimed at; identification of the informal officials and developing a cordial relationship with them. The reason as to why I deem it necessary is the fact that in the company there are many informal organizations amongst the employees each with their leader. It is then possible that they believe these leaders and identifying and compromising them will be of great value to the company (Yukl 176). In an organization, conflicts are experienced frequently simply because there are many personalities involved coupled with the dynamic nature of human beings. Some conflicts are structural while others are personal. 1. The structural ones include poor communication where information flow is not clear and failure to execute plans arises due to this 2. Poor organization- this can also lead to conflict due to overlapping of duties causing absconding of duties by some employees. 3. Conflicting goals and objectives will definitely cause conflicts at work place as there is no one to blame for any inconsistency. The personal factors include; 1. Poor skills, this will lead to shifting of blames as no one will be willing to take liability 2. Stresses, employees with personal hangovers are troublesome and will always ignite conflicts at work place. 3. Ego, some employees have the tendency of not consulting on issues as they suppose that will be little them, in such cases they always error and this brew tension in the work place 2 b). In one occasion at the work place, we were assigned duties in groups of fives to ensure that a list of supplies is made ready for debit. In the due course, one of us brought a duly completed list as expected by the departmental head. On realizing this, we absconded doing the same on the premise that one of us has just done the duty, little

How emotions impact consumer behaviour Dissertation

How emotions impact consumer behaviour - Dissertation Example Marketing strategies of HSBC is a clear demonstration of emotional influence on customers through cultural messages. It is also seen that McDonalds’ emotional campaigns has an edge over Burger Kings because of its ability to react to customers’ emotions rather than their minds. The data thus collected through secondary sources is summarised in the discussion to show how they cater to the research aims and objectives. Lastly suitable recommendations are provided with regards to the managerial implications of emotionally influential strategies over consumers’ behaviours. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 4 Chapter 1 Literature Review 8 Chapter 2 Methodology 13 Project plan and approach 13 Chapter 3 Critical evaluation and analysis of the data 15 Chapter 4 Conclusion 24 Recommendations 25 Reference 26 Bibliography 30 Research aims and objectives Since the 90s researchers have acknowledged the fact that the consumers are not always rational as the consum ers are mostly driven by their emotions. The impact of emotions on consumer behaviour is evident from different aspect of research. Some of the factors which are important in understanding the behaviour of the consumer are like recall, attention; decisions making etc. Consumers are often described as being rational in the decision and the ways they interact with different consumptions. The rational consumer behaviour theory assumes that emotions can be controlled. However many scientist believes that emotions do play a vital role in human and effects the behaviour of consumers. Therefore emotions are defined to be an intense affect, a feeling which comprises of behavioural, physiological and cognitive reactions (Boyd, 2009, p.70). Therefore this paper deals with the objective to... This research is being carried out to understand why the consumers purchase and what makes them to make the purchase. The motive to understand the consumer behaviour and the reason for its purchase caters around the concept of marketing the goods and services. Consumer behaviour portrays emotions as one of the causes of behaviour which can be manipulated for any managerial purposes. Emotions are related to contingencies of reward and punishment which influences the consumers in the market place. Therefore emotion is an appraisal of a change in feelings originated by the brain activities, it’s a phenomenon that is undetermined by a brain state because each different brain can generate an envelope of emotions, and it also depends from person to person. Emotions can be measured by way of facial expression. The best way to measure emotions is through heart rate of a consumer. This paragraph illustrates that there is no standard way to measure emotions and the impact of emotions on the consumers and in their thought process. Different studies towards consumers emotions have focused on emotional response to advertising, and on the role of emotions towards consumers satisfaction. Emotions have also contributed in the context of services such as complaints, service failure and product attitude. Holbrook & Batra developed their list in regards to emotion; they uncovered an arousal, pleasure and denomination dimension in their data, and showed that these emotions mediate consumer’s response to advertising.

The Analysis of the Assessment of the Overall Status of the Firm Case Study

The Analysis of the Assessment of the Overall Status of the Firm McDonald's - Case Study Example There are three steps in the general approach to capital budgeting. First, the decision maker must make a list of possible long-term investments. Second, the decision maker shall study the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative capital investment, taking into consideration the variance of each project’s net cash inflows. Third, the decision maker must choose the best alternative (McGuigan, 2010). Incremental cash inflow is the list of the company’s cash outflows as well as a list of the company’s cash inflows. The cash outflow represents all payments for purchases of capital investments as well as operating expenses. The cash inflow includes the revenues from the project. The net cash flow is the difference between the cash inflows and the cash outflows (McGuigan, 2010). Payback period indicates how long the business or entity will recover its investments or capital budgeting amount. In terms of the payback period decision rule, the project that has the shorter payback period is better than another project having a longer payback period (McGuigan, 2010). The net present value method in capital budgeting shows the variance between two amounts. The first amount is the cash inflows. The second amount is the cash outflows. The net present value is the difference between the total cash inflows and the total cash outflows. The decision maker should invest in a project if the total present values exceed the total cash outflows (McGuigan, 2010). In economic terms, the net present value represents the contribution of the investment to the firm’s value, and to shareholders’ wealth maximization. The present value is the value today of a future amount cash amount or series of cash payments computed using the appropriate discount interest rate (McGuigan, 2010). The Internal rate of return is used to determine whether the decision maker should choose the one project over the other alternative projects. If the internal rate of return of a project is lower than the capital investment costs, the decision maker must drop the project. The internal rate of return is the interest rate used to arrive at a net present value of zero.  

Alwaleed Bin Talal’s Leadership Essay Example for Free

Alwaleed Bin Talal’s Leadership Essay Prince Alwaleed bin Talal is one of the world’s wealthiest investor and businessman. He has been able to gain connection in politics through entrepreneurship and international investments as an entrepreneur. He is a citizen of Lebanon and a member of the royal family, House of Saudi, in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Though not a member of the executive charged with ruling, he usually gets involved in politics of Lebanon for instance in the case of President Emile Lahoud against claims assassinating Lebanese billionaire Rafik Hariri and usually criticizes both local and international political issues in the media. He has so far been unsuccessful in his efforts to lead the Lebanese Sunni community. During Alwaleed’s early ages, his Father Prince Talal Abd al-Aziz, a known activist and modernizer, actively engaged in matters concerning the political issues that existed in the traditional governing system in Saudi Arabia in the early 1960s. He opposed Modern pan-Arabism that was led by the then leader of the United Arab Repulic, Jamal Gamal Abdel Nasser, which resulted to the suspension of his passport. He was forced to seek exile in Egypt. During this period, Alwaleed lived with his mother, Princess Muna al-Sulh who was the daughter of Riyadh al- Sulh, the first Prime Minister of the Independent Lebanon. In his early education, he attended elementary and middle schools in Beirut and returned to Lebanon in 1973 to attend King Abdul Aziz Military Academy to gain more discipline skills. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Business administration from Menlo College California in 1979 and later enrolled for a masters Degree in Political Science from Syracuse University (Khan 2005). He rose to international fame in the early 1990s by purchasing a substantial amount of Citicorp shares when then firm was undergoing financial difficulties. He is an established investor and owns a chain of investments worldwide in the major industries such as banking, building and construction companies, telecommunications, broadcasting and media, entertainment, hospitality and involvement in charitable activities across many regions of the world. He also owns a lot of luxurious assets (Khan 2005). According to Machiavelli (2005) leadership qualities must be practical and not ideological in their application. In chapter 15 of The Prince, that leadership quality should be determined through consideration of personality traits, character and how a person conducts himself. A successful ruler must know when, where and in what way an upright person will act when confronted with different situations. Alwaleed has been able to demonstrate all these leadership qualities which are evident in the different criteria’s he employed in his investment activities throughout his life. He invested in shares of America’s Citicorp at the time when every investor was pulling out their capital from the firm and at a time when it neared its collapse due to bankruptcy, a decision that elicited mixed reactions across the world. Machiavelli talks of qualities that a leader must posses on those things which politicians or Princes must do that might either be praised or blamed in the end. He clearly differentiates the two categories in which a leader must apply specific ideologies. Machiavelli identifies the world that we live in as a kind of world of forms and which contains imperfect alternatives that are required in the world of ideas. Alwaleed seemed to recognize the world of ideas and did things that other people in the world of forms thought that they were impossible to happen. Upon his return after completion of his Master’s degree, he invested in the banking sector by purchasing shares in the United Saudi Commercial Bank. This move enabled the bank to gain enormous returns in terms of market value and also enabled the Bank to merge with Saudi Cairo Bank. His fortunes increased immensely through these risky but strategic business ventures. These elicited admirations from financial strategists across Asia and other parts of the world. Economic observers in the Saudi Kingdom and from other parts of the globe recognized his efforts and Alwaleed was thus chosen by the King as an advisor on economic matters. This enabled him improve on his unique strategic approaches to expansion of his business empire (Khan 2005). Â  Alwaleed’s character has been influenced through his grand father King Abd al-Aziz and the first prime minister of independent Lebanon who were all honest, upright and generous in their actions. They got a lot of respect and loyalty from the entire kingdom. All these characters can be displayed through his successful ventures and the ways in which he related to the people. His sudden amassment of wealth in a short period of time has led certain institutions to question the source of his wealth. According to the Economist online, Alwaleed is suspected to be a front man of other investors in the Saudi Arabian kingdom. All his sources of income are questioned and an account of his possible worth is calculated and the conclusion is that the source of his wealth is unquestionable because his business could not be in a position to accumulate such volume of wealth in a short period of time. Machiavelli’s leadership principle requires that a leader must engage in activities that may seem inappropriate, eliciting malicious interests and those that will require him to commit unethical ethics so long as it leads him to obtain success and power. What matters is the end result, the means doesn’t apply. Alwaleed was able to achieve success and power irrespective of the means he employed to achieve his success. His experience from the risky venture has enabled him to acquire riches and build business empires in addition to gaining international respect and recognition through investing in long-term projects (Machiavelli 17). Machiavelli on chapter 13 and 14 in the Online Literature Library the character of a Prince on matters concerning mercenaries and armies is discussed. They should be loyal to the ruler in fighting for the battle. In chapter 14, Machiavelli advises the prince to focus on the war and avoid other issues that pertains military matters. He should gain knowledge to enable him to maintain power stronghold throughout the battle. Prince Alwaleed was prepared in military matters after having attended King Abdul Aziz Military Academy and was prepared to lead incase he found his chance to the throne. He was therefore armed to be safe lest he is threatened by opposing forces to his power. This enabled him to gain trust from the King and thus he found a position in the cabinet and became the Kings Economic advisor. Bridging the East and Western Worlds Alwaleed fame is recognized internationally through his involvement in bridging the Arab world and the Western worlds. He has been involved in Islamic studies programs across Universities in the United States and other parts of the Globe. According to Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Islamic Studies Program at Harvard University, prince Alwaleed is committed to the fostering the importance of peace and tolerance. They assert that the best way to achieve this is through the bridging of the understanding between the East and the West. He is also committed in making the world a better place. He is the champion representative of UNESCO and also supports charities for children. Â  He engages in cultural activities aimed at promoting mutual understanding. The prince also has funded an educational centre at Georgetown University that aims at improving understanding between Islamic and Christian religions. Other initiatives include cross cultural educational institutions in Europe, Africa and the Middle-East. This shows a connection with the qualities of a leader cited by Machiavelli. On generosity and miserliness, a leader is supposed to spend excess amounts of his fortune on things that will improve or heighten his publicity but by doing so keep in mind the consequences that might befall him in the event that his fortune dwindles (Machiavelli 14). Chapter 18 tells the things that a politician must do which concerns his faith. Alwaleed has been able to extend his religion to the western world through funding foundations that touch on his Islamic religion. In this chapter Machiavelli asserts that private morality should prevail over public life and in order to be successful, praise must come from other human beings even if it means doing things are wrong in different perspectives. Rulers must therefore be generous in utilizing their wealth and appear tough on running their businesses even if it means using cruelty. He has stood strong on his word of Bridging the east and west and has stood strong in his faith.

The Rock :: Essays Papers

The Rock He is a three-time world wrestling federation champion and a two time intercontinental champion. He was born on May 2, 1972 is 6’5 and weighs 275 pounds. He goes by the name Dwayne Johnson, calls himself the â€Å"People’s Champion† and otherwise known as â€Å"The Rock.† Other than having the pretty face that Hollywood was looking for, The Rock had to go through many steps as an â€Å"actor† before he became well known. However, the rock graduated from the University of Miami as an all -American Football player. Right away, he was entered into the realm of entertainment. This in turn was called a secondary effect because The Rock being a football player was entertainment and attracted the media’s attention. He was as Gabler states, â€Å"a performing artist.† (Gabler pg. 4) He was ready to enter the world of a celebrity and a star. Inside Wrestler magazine says that The Rock has the â€Å"same ‘X’ factor† as the Phantom of the Opera, â€Å"able to choreograph a rowdy mass of wrestling fans with a simple catch phrase, a dramatic pause, or a little lift of the eyebrow†(March 2001). The public considers the Rock to be a celebrity being that he has gone from music, to commercials, to sports, and journalism. He has starred on Saturday Night Live, That 70’s Show, and will soon be featured in the sequel to â€Å"The Mummy† as the Scorpion King. He is an entertainer who loves performing for the crowd. As he himself said, â€Å"Always entertaining the fans and knowing that I’m entertaining them-that’s the goal, to entertain the fans and nothing compares to that.† Each time he appears somewhere knew it adds to his popularity more and more. You start to conform to this so- called â€Å"reality.† The Rock plays many different roles and has many different names, that one might wonder which he really is. When he is wrestling, he is the Rock and when you research about him, as we did for this paper, we found out his birth name being Dwayne Johnson, and then of course, what he likes to refer to himself as, the â€Å"People’s Champion. These are just a few examples. He takes upon the role of an â€Å"actor† in so many different aspects that he himself becomes comfortable with what he is playing, and eventually this in turn takes over parts of him as a person.

12 Hours Without Technology Essay

Those who identify themselves as technological determinists believe we as humans have remarkably little control over technology and the effect it has on the world. Just two months ago, I passionately denied this point of view and identified myself as a social constructivist. Perhaps it is the idea of not being in complete control of my decisions that I did not want to accept. However, after completing the challenge of going twelve hours without technology, I quickly learned that my thoughts on technological determinism were not in line with my experiences. The fact is technology has become an integral part of day-to-day life. Truly understanding the effects and dare I say, control, that technology has on life, twelve hours without it will certainly enlighten each one of us. In the following pages, I will attempt to describe the challenges of my day without technology. Furthermore, I will attempt to interpret how my experiences relate to my relationship with technology and society. Ultimately, my purpose is to identify events which support or defy the view of technological determinism and understand the driving factors behind them. See more:  First Poem for You Essay With a career that heavily relies on technology, I reasonably challenged myself to refrain from using technology on a Sunday. What I learned was quite surprising and honestly, quite stressful. First, to appreciate the challenges I endured on this Sunday, it is crucial to know a little bit about my professional background. As a licensed mortgage loan originator, I have a fiduciary duty to all of my clients that are purchasing a home. While my career requires a large set of professional requirements, the most valuable aspect to being successful is to be available nearly 24 hours a day every day of the week. Going into this project, I knew that refraining from using technology, specifically my phone and the computer, would prove to be challenging but at the same time I figured everyone deserves a day off every now and then†¦I soon learned that this would come with a cost. My Sunday morning started off much the same as any other. I woke up early to tend to my e-mails that had made their way to my inbox from potential homeowners throughout the evening. Responsibly, I made sure to reply to every e-mail, voicemail and, text message prior to 9:00AM. Completely disconnecting from the internet and shutting down my phone was just as nerve racking as I had anticipated it to be. Knowing that this day would be a challenge for me, I had previously arranged a few things to do to keep my mind and attention away from my business. Depending on how one would define technology, someone could argue that I instantly failed to avoid the use of technology within just an hour of starting my project. My wife and I left the house in the technological wonder of a Chevy Tahoe Hybrid around 9:30AM to attend regular church services. I recognized right away that avoiding technology entirely for twelve hours would be impossible for me to accomplish. Instead, I switched my focus to avoiding my phone, internet or computer use for the remainder of the day. My wife and I proceeded to attend church and then went to lunch. When we returned home, I decided to take each of the three dogs for a run. Normally, I opt to take one of them each day on a rotation, but it was a beautiful day and the small blinking light on my phone begging me to check my text messages, e-mails and voicemails were not within reach. This was my first insight into a day without technology. Almost immediately I was able to find more time to do things that are more valuable to me. While I was enjoying the extra time with my beloved pets, I also recognized that as the day progressed, I was growing more and more anxious from not being able to use my phone. Little did I know that by the time I had finished taking the last four-legged child for a run, I was not the only anxious person affected by vacation from technology. There was a storm brewing that would hinder my goal. When I returned home, my wife frantically met me at the door with her phone in hand. My managing sales supervisor had called her because he had received a few phone calls from upset potential clients. Notably, this was just five hours into my twelve hour challenge on a Sunday afternoon. Reluctantly, I took the phone from my wife and proceeded to field the onslaught of exploratory questions as to my whereabouts and reasoning for not answering my phone or promptly replying to my e-mails. It is crucial to remember that I’m essentially self-employed, so I had no obligation to answer to a supervisor for an issue such as this but the fact that I had chosen not to use an ordinary technology such as my phone, I found myself in an awkward and rather challenging position. After taking some time to put out some proverbial fires with my sales manager and a few clients, I put my phone down and resumed my challenge of avoiding technology. Before doing so, I noticed that I had received several text messages throughout the day from friends and family. Reflecting upon the nature of the texts as I read through them, I noticed one general recurring theme. Many of the initial text conversations had begun with an unassuming â€Å"hello† and â€Å"how are you. † Just five or six hours after not receiving a response from me, many of the one-sided conversations had progressed to worry about my safety. At this point, I dismissed the idea that I had control when it came to technology. As I reflected on these events, I could not help but be reminded of Neil Postman. We need to proceed with our eyes wide open so that we may use technology rather than be used by it (Postman, 1998, p. 6). Suddenly, I realized that I have been interacting with technological development in a way where technology was using me more than I was using it. By definition, social constructivism â€Å"presumes that social and cultural forces determine technical change† (Johnson & Wetmore, 2009, p. 143). On the flip side, technological determinism â€Å"is the claim that the introduction of new technologies produces direct and unalterable social changes† (Johnson & Wetmore, 2009, p. 93). I acknowledge that refraining from technological use for twelve hours was an extremely small scale task in terms of the technology available at hand. Despite that, it was surprising how disturbed my friends, family, co-workers and clients alike had become by my avoidance of a phone. â€Å"Technological change creates winners and losers† (Harris, 2012). These disturbances certainly support this idea, and I would argue that this is at the foundation of the technological determinism theory. The introduction of the smartphone into my personal and professional life has set an expectation which has had a direct and unalterable affect. While this reliance on the phone may put me on the loser side of this equation, my clients are certainly on the winning side. My choice of career has brought new technology into my life that may have not been necessary with different decisions on my part. In closing, I should repeat that the main point of this paper and this experiment was to describe the challenges of a day without technology while interpreting my experiences in terms of the relationship between technology and society at a personal level. My experience with this project may have been more extreme than others given the expectations of my profession. However, by the end of my unsuccessful day without technology, it was clear that the technologies I have brought into my own life on a personal and professional level unmistakably dictates how I interact with the world and more importantly, how the outside world expects me to interact with it.

Fashion History of Womenswear (1900~1950)

To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience fashion history of Homeowners between 1900?1950 Central idea: Western fashion history of Homeowners between 1900-1950 were highly influenced by history event such as World War I and II Main idea: l. WWW brought Asia culture to Europe and Japanese dress are one of the major influence II. WWW brings women to workplace therefore shape and length of dress had huge change, Channel were raised up this time Ill.After WWW was another twist point, fancy comes bad and Door's The New look were published Commentary were highly influenced by history event such as World War I and II Method of organization: Chorological Introduction: The introduction of Fashion consists at the beginning. We begins with a brief our feeling towards fashion. Body: The body of the speech Chocolate provides an idea of how the society, economic and culture change the influenced the fashion style in Western culture. The first point is about how World War 1 brought Asia cul ture to Western culture in fashion.A transition to World War 2 marks Vanessa move to the second point, in which how World War 2 affect the use of fabric, and shows the evidence by photo on the visual ads. Vanessa ends the second point by how the people at that time solve their problem fashion. After the transition, Chocolate bring the subject to 1947 which mention about the change after war, and Dior' The New Look published. Conclusion: Consisting at the end of the speech, the conclusion reminds listeners of the significance of the topic and summarizes the main points. Also, it provides a sense of feeling for audiences that they are a part of the fashion history too.

Free Essays on Emirates Airlines

Introduction Ryanair is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland and operates a low-fare, no-frill scheduled passenger airline. Ryanair serves short-haul, point-to-point routes between Ireland, the United Kingdom, and continental Europe, making Ryanair Europe ¡Ã‚ ¦s largest low-fare airline. It has destinations in 13 countries with 76 low-fare routes. Its fleet consists of 21 Boeing 737-200s and 21 737-800s. Launched in 1985, Ryanair ¡Ã‚ ¦s growth has been extraordinary. Ryanair currently employs a team of 1500 people and will carry over 13 million scheduled passengers in the current year (2002). In 1986, Ryanair broke the high fare cartel, which was then operated by the two state airlines Aer Lingus and British Airways in the Dublin-London route. The first four years Ryanair was carrying 600,000 passengers annually, but had managed to lose 20million pounds. Under a new management team, headed up by Michael O ¡Ã‚ ¦Leary, a major overhaul of the airline was undertaken in 1990/91. With Ryanair re launched as the very first new breed of  ¡Ã‚ ¥Low-fare, no-frill ¡Ã‚ ¦ airline, adapting the formula so successfully pioneered by south West Airlines in the U.S, non profitable routes were eliminated, the network was cut back from 19 to just 5 routes and air fares across the remaining network were substantially reduced. For example, on Dublin-London route, a new promotional fare of just 69 pounds returns was launched which stimulated a whole new era of growth for Ryanair. The company ¡Ã‚ ¦s goal was to be profitable on new routes from their inception, by pitching their fares to be low enough to attract new customers but high enough to provide a satisfactory operating margin. By 1991 Ryanair recorded its first ever profit despite the damage done to the Airline industry by the Gulf war in 1991. Over the next couple of years Ryanair substanti ally slashed its fares further and managed to open up many new attractive routes. The new formula effected a turnaroun... Free Essays on Emirates Airlines Free Essays on Emirates Airlines Introduction Ryanair is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland and operates a low-fare, no-frill scheduled passenger airline. Ryanair serves short-haul, point-to-point routes between Ireland, the United Kingdom, and continental Europe, making Ryanair Europe ¡Ã‚ ¦s largest low-fare airline. It has destinations in 13 countries with 76 low-fare routes. Its fleet consists of 21 Boeing 737-200s and 21 737-800s. Launched in 1985, Ryanair ¡Ã‚ ¦s growth has been extraordinary. Ryanair currently employs a team of 1500 people and will carry over 13 million scheduled passengers in the current year (2002). In 1986, Ryanair broke the high fare cartel, which was then operated by the two state airlines Aer Lingus and British Airways in the Dublin-London route. The first four years Ryanair was carrying 600,000 passengers annually, but had managed to lose 20million pounds. Under a new management team, headed up by Michael O ¡Ã‚ ¦Leary, a major overhaul of the airline was undertaken in 1990/91. With Ryanair re launched as the very first new breed of  ¡Ã‚ ¥Low-fare, no-frill ¡Ã‚ ¦ airline, adapting the formula so successfully pioneered by south West Airlines in the U.S, non profitable routes were eliminated, the network was cut back from 19 to just 5 routes and air fares across the remaining network were substantially reduced. For example, on Dublin-London route, a new promotional fare of just 69 pounds returns was launched which stimulated a whole new era of growth for Ryanair. The company ¡Ã‚ ¦s goal was to be profitable on new routes from their inception, by pitching their fares to be low enough to attract new customers but high enough to provide a satisfactory operating margin. By 1991 Ryanair recorded its first ever profit despite the damage done to the Airline industry by the Gulf war in 1991. Over the next couple of years Ryanair substanti ally slashed its fares further and managed to open up many new attractive routes. The new formula effected a turnaroun...